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Journal: Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases
Comparative Review of Ranibizumab versus Bevacizumab in the Treatment of Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration (24/May/2010)
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual loss in the developed World in patients over age 55. Therapeutic advances in the dry (non-exudative) form of AMD have been very modest with a protective role demonstrated for supplemental anti-oxidant vitamin therapy in patients showing high risk characteristics for...
Safety and Efficacy of Fixed Combination Travoprost-Timolol in the Lowering of Intraocular Pressure (29/Apr/2010)
The fixed combination eye drop Duotrav is a combination of travoprost 0.004% and timolol maleate 0.5%. Both travoprost and timolol have been used separately for the treatment of glaucoma by lowering intraocular pressure. Multiple studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of the fixed combination travoprost/timolol for the treatment of...
Early Involvement of Immune/Inflammatory Response Genes in Retinal Degeneration in DBA/2J Mice (11/Mar/2010)
Purpose: The DBA/2J (D2) mouse carries mutations in two of its genes, Tyrp1 and Gpnmb. These alterations result in the development of an immune response in the iris, leading to iris atrophy and pigment dispersion. The development of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in this model of glaucoma is considered to be a significant factor leading to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Changes in gene expression in the retina have already been correlated with...
The Unani eye drop is an ophthalmic formulation prepared for its beneficial effects in the inflammatory and allergic conditions of the eyes. In the present study, the Unani eye drop formulation was prepared and investigated for its anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic activity, using in vivo and in vitro experimental models respectively....
Evolution of Cellular Inclusions in Bietti’s Crystalline Dystrophy (09/Mar/2010)
Bietti’s crystalline dystrophy (BCD) consists of small, yellow-white, glistening intraretinal crystals in the posterior pole, tapetoretinal degeneration with atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and “sclerosis” of the choroid; in addition, sparking yellow crystals in the superficial marginal cornea are also found in many patients. BCD is inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait (4q35-tel) and usually has its onset in the third decade of life. This review focuses on the ultrastructure of cellular crystals and...
The Use of Topical Tacrolimus 0.1% Skin Ointment for Anterior Segment Conditions: A Case Series (23/Feb/2010)
Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a macrolactam derivative with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity. Topical tacrolimus 0.03% has been used for inflammatory conditions of the anterior segment. This article adds to the literature on the off-license application of tacrolimus ointment, by describing the safe and effective use of the higher strength of...
Spectral Domain OCT Documented Resolution of Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema after Intravitreal Triamcinolone (03/Feb/2010)
Cystoid macular edema (CME) is an important cause of visual loss after cataract surgery. Treatment is usually with topical anti-inflammatory agents, with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and steroids used intravitreally in resistant cases. Even though time-domain Stratus OCT can quantify the macular thickness, it cannot prognosticate visual outcomes due...
A Case of Protruding Eyeballs and Diminishing Vision (20/Jan/2010)
This case report discusses issues related to a 56-year-old man from Bangalore who presented with complaints of a gradual protrusion of his eyeballs along with diminishing vision for the previous month. The approach to diagnosis and management issues around this unusual presentation is discussed.
Stratification of Antigen-presenting Cells within the Normal Cornea (25/Nov/2009)
The composition and location of professional antigen presenting cells (APC) varies in different mucosal surfaces. The cornea, long considered an immune-privileged tissue devoid of APCs, is now known to host a heterogeneous network of bone marrow-derived cells. Here, we utilized transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from the CD11c promoter (pCD11c) in conjunction with immunohistochemical staining to demonstrate an interesting stratification of APCs within non-inflamed murine corneas. pCD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs)...
Stratification of Antigen-presenting Cells within the Normal Cornea (25/Nov/2009)
The composition and location of professional antigen presenting cells (APC) varies in different mucosal surfaces. The cornea, long considered an immune-privileged tissue devoid of APCs, is now known to host a heterogeneous network of bone marrow-derived cells. Here, we utilized transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from the CD11c promoter (pCD11c) in conjunction with immunohistochemical staining to demonstrate an interesting stratification of APCs within non-inflamed murine corneas. pCD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs)...
A number of studies have suggested that homocysteine may be a contributing factor to development of retinopathy in diabetic patients based on observed correlations between elevated homocysteine levels and the presence of retinopathy. The significance of such a correlation remains to be determined, and potential mechanisms by which homocysteine might...
The “immune privilege” that inhibits immune defense mechanisms that could lead to damage to sensitive ocular tissue is based on the expression of immunosuppressive factors on ocular tissue and in ocular fluids. In addition to this environmental protection, the injection of antigen into the anterior chamber or infection in the...
Objective: To delineate the plasma pharmacokinetics and determine the corneal uptake of valine based stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir (ACV) in rats. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study. Pharmacokinetics of ACV, L-valine-acyclovir (LACV), L-valine- D-valine-acyclovir (LDACV) and D-valine-L-valine acyclovir (DLACV) prodrugs were delineated. These compounds were administered...
Background: Fetal surgery is selectively offered for severe or life-threatening fetal malformations. These infants are often born prematurely and are thus at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). It is not known whether fetal surgery confers an increased risk of developing severe ROP relative to published rates in standard premature...
Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Current Therapies and Potential Treatments (27/Aug/2009)
Strategies for preventing vision loss in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) have evolved over the past decade. Whereas earlier treatments were based on thermal destruction of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), new therapies rely on targeted pharmacologic approaches to reduce the harmful effects of CNV treatment. For the first time...
Diabetes Accelerates Retinal Neuronal Cell Death In A Mouse Model of Endogenous Hyperhomocysteinemia (29/Jul/2009)
Hyperhomocysteinemia has been implicated in visual dysfunction. We reported recently that mice with endogenous hyperhomocysteinemia, due to mutation of the cystathionine-β-synthase (cbs) gene, demonstrate loss of neurons in the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer and other retinal layers as homocysteine levels increase. Some clinical studies implicate hyperhomocysteinemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, which is also characterized by RGC loss. The present study used cbs+/- mice to determine whether modest elevation of plasma homocysteine, in...
Exophthalmos as a Presenting Manifestation of Limited Wegener’s Granulomatosis in a Patient with Prior Graves’ Disease (30/Jun/2009)
Wegener’s granulomatosis is a granulomatous necrotizing vasculitis characterized by its predilection to affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts and kidneys. Ocular manifestations such as keratitis, conjunctivitis, scleritis, episcleritis, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, uveitis, retroorbital pseudotumor with proptosis retinal vessel occlusion, and optic neuritis have all been described. We present a case of limited Wegener’s granulomatosis presenting with proptosis. A 57 year old woman with a history of Graves’ disease 20 yrs ago, presented to her ophthalmologist...
Pharmacotherapy of Retinal Diseases with Ranibizumab (16/Apr/2009)
Daniel F. Kiernan1, Theodore K. Lin1, Veeral Sheth1 and Rama D. Jager1,21University of Chicago Hospitals, Section of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Surgery, 5841 S Maryland Ave—MC 2114, Chicago, IL 60637. 2University Retina and Macula Associates, 6320 W, 159th St., Suites A and D, Oak Forest, IL 60452.AbstractThe development...
A Case of Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis (TINU) Syndrome with High ASLO Titer (09/Apr/2009)
Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease and the pathogenesis is still unknown. We report a case of TINU syndrome with high ASLO titer. Uveitis improved and urine β2-MG normalized with low dose systemic predonisolone and cyclosporin A. The high ASLO titer in early phase suggested that streptococcal infection might have triggered TINU syndrome. Lymphocyte phenotypes normalized after treatment with low dose systemic predonisolone and cyclosporin A.
Introductory Editorial (Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases) (16/Jan/2009)
Introductory Editorial by Dr Joshua Cameron, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.