Clinical Medicine: Oncology
Synopsis: An open access, peer reviewed electronic journal that covers cancer research and treatment.
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ISSN: 1177-9314
Oncolytic Viruses: Do They Have a Role in Anti-Cancer Therapy?
Authors: Robin J Prestwich, Fiona Errington, Kevin J. Harrington, Hardev S. Pandha, Peter Selby and Alan Melcher
Publication Date: 09 Feb 2008
Clinical Medicine: Oncology 2008:2 83-96
1Robin J Prestwich, 1Fiona Errington, 2,3Kevin J. Harrington, 4Hardev S. Pandha, 1Peter Selby and 1Alan Melcher
1Cancer Research UK, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK. 2Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK. Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK. 3Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, 203 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK. Oncology, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK.
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are replication competent, tumor selective and lyse cancer cells. Their potential for anti-cancer therapy is based upon the concept that selective intratumoral replication will produce a potent anti-tumor effect and possibly bystander or remote cell killing, whilst minimizing normal tissue toxicity. Viruses may be naturally oncolytic or be engineered for oncolytic activity, and possess a host of different mechanisms to provide tumor selectivity. Clinical use of live replicating viruses is associated with a unique set of safety issues. Clinical experience has so far provided evidence of limited efficacy and a favourable toxicity profile. The interaction with the host immune system is complex. An anti-viral immune response may limit efficacy by rapidly clearing the virus. However, virally-induced cell lysis releases tumor associated antigens in a ‘dangerous’ context, and limited evidence suggests that this can lead to the generation of a specific anti-tumor immune response. Combination therapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy represents a promising avenue for ongoing translation of oncolytic viruses into clinical practice. Obstacles to therapy include highly effective non-specific host mechanisms to clear virus following systemic delivery, immune-mediated clearance, and intratumoral barriers limiting virus spread. A number of novel strategies are now under investigation to overcome these barriers. This review provides an overview of the potential role of oncolytic viruses, highlighting recent progress towards developing effective therapy and asks if they are a realistic therapeutic option at this stage.
Keywords: oncolytic virus, tumor selectivity, safety, virus delivery, anti-tumour immunity, administration
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Dysfunction of Corticomotoneurons in Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)? - 01/Oct/2009
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Asymmetrical Weakness Associated with Central Nervous System Involvement in a Patient with Guillain-Barrè Syndrome - 03/Sep/2009
Modulation of the BRCA1 Protein and Induction of Apoptosis in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines by the Polyphenolic Compound Curcumin - 02/Sep/2009
Unblocking Blockbusters: Using Boolean Text-Mining to Optimise Clinical Trial Design and Timeline for Novel Anticancer Drugs - 17/Aug/2009
Growth Factor Receptors and Apoptosis Regulators: Signaling Pathways, Prognosis, Chemosensitivity and Treatment Outcomes of Breast Cancer - 17/Aug/2009
Molecular Imaging of Proteases in Cancer - 17/Aug/2009
New Advanced Technologies to Provide Decentralised and Secure Access to Medical Records: Case Studies in Oncology - 07/Aug/2009
The Bimodality Index: A Criterion for Discovering and Ranking Bimodal Signatures from Cancer Gene Expression Profiling Data - 05/Aug/2009
A Generalized Beta Model for the Age Distribution of Cancers: Application to Pancreatic and Kidney Cancer - 04/Aug/2009
Methotrexate-Induced Acute Leukemia: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature - 31/Jul/2009
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Treated with Adjuvant Radiotherapy: A Case Report - 30/Jul/2009
Linguistic Processing and Classification of Semi Structured Bibliographic Data on Complementary Medicine - 06/Jul/2009
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