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Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology

Sex Differences in Inflammation During Atherosclerosis

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Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology 2014:Suppl. 3 49-59

Review

Published on 19 Apr 2015

DOI: 10.4137/CMC.S17068


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Abstract

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide, yet more men die from atherosclerosis than women, and at a younger age. Women, on the other hand, mainly develop atherosclerosis following menopause, and particularly if they have one or more autoimmune diseases, suggesting that the immune mechanisms that increase disease in men are different from those in women. The key processes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are vascular inflammation, lipid accumulation, intimal thickening and fibrosis, remodeling, and plaque rupture or erosion leading to myocardial infarction and ischemia. Evidence indicates that sex hormones alter the immune response during atherosclerosis, resulting in different disease phenotypes according to sex. Women, for example, respond to infection and damage with increased antibody and autoantibody responses, while men have elevated innate immune activation. This review describes current knowledge regarding sex differences in the inflammatory immune response during atherosclerosis. Understanding sex differences is critical for improving individualized medicine.



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My co-authors and I had a very positive experience with the review and publication process in Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology.  The review was on point, and publication was also rapid and allowed us the needed revisions in the proof preparation process.
Professor Roberto Pedrinelli (Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy)
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