Cancer Growth and Metastasis

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is associated with advanced presentation and poor survival. Currently approved therapies have minimal effect on patient survival. Pancreatic adenocarcinomas have a high incidence of activated K-RAS, which may confer resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Mixed lineage kinase-3 (MLK3) is a MAP3K that activates multiple MAPK pathways. The role of MLK3 in the pathophysiology and resistance to therapy of pancreatic adenocarcinoma has not been investigated. MLK3 is over expressed in pancreatic cancer cell lines compared to an immortalized pancreatic epithelial cell line. The requirement of MLK3 for cell proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cell lines, PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2, was investigated using RNA interference (siRNA) and MLK inhibitor, K252a, alone or in conjunction with the EGFR inhibitor, Compound 56. Ablation of expression of MLK3 via siRNA-mediated gene silencing and pharmacological inhibition of MLK3 by K252a each decreased cell viability in both pancreatic cancer cell lines, with a concurrent decrease in the activation of ERK, JNK and AKT. Concomitant inhibition of EGFR and MLK3 induced apoptosis, as evidenced by increased cleavage of PARP and caspase-3. These results suggest that MLK3 plays an important role in survival and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines and that inhibition of MLK3 may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.